Junk Food Essay

Basically, it’s anything that is high in calories but lacking in nutrition. Hamburgers, chips, chocolate bars and hot dogs fall in this category. Pizzas, although they can have vegetable and cheese toppings, are also included as they contain a lot of fat. Obviously, a diet of junk food is not the best thing for your health, particularly as it is highly saturated fat. In 1993, the Journal of the National Cancer Institute reported this type of fat to be associated with greater risk of cancer. Apart from the risk of cancer, another side effect of consuming highly fattening junk food is that you are likely to gain weight. This is especially true because you tend to eat more, as junk food is less satisfying and lower in vital nutrients than healthier food. The best advice, then, for those who cannot live without their hamburgers or chocolate bars, is to limit the amount of junk food they eat. Another alarming thing about people’s lifestyle today is that while the amount of junk food we eat has increased, the amount of exercise we do has actually decreased. Exercise plays an important part in keeping the body fit and healthy; it helps to control our weight and, if taken regularly, can also decrease our chances of having a heart attack in later life. What is more, you don’t have to exercise much to gain visible benefits. Twenty minutes three times a week is all that is necessary. Even though people nowadays are actually far more aware of the importance of exercise and a healthy diet then they were a few years ago. The new unhealthy way of life is surprisingly popular. Recent research has shown that young French people, who prefer burgers and chips to rich gourmet dishes, tend to become overweight. Weight gained in adolescence is extremely hard to lose in later life, so researchers are predicting that the new French generations are not going to be admired for their slim figures as the French have traditionally been. Researchers suggest that the new generation will be much more likely to suffer from heart and liver disease. What can’t be emphasized enough is the fact that a balanced diet and regular exercise bring significant health benefits. You can gain anything from glowing skin to an all-round feeling of good health. One way or another, the vast majority of people seem to be missing out on this, due mainly to the pressures of modern life. Ironically, if they were to make time to exercise and improve their eating habits, they would probably find that they were far better equipped to deal with their stressful lifestyles than they are now.

Human resource manageent Essay

Understand the difference between personal management and human resource management 1. 1 Distinguish between personal management and human resource management Human resource management is the study of human resources who are people and work in an organization. There are various definitions of human resource management. Armstrong (2009), states that human resource management is concerned with all aspects of how people are employed and managed in organization. This definition is broad and makes clear about human resource management. According to this definition HRM covers all the activities like human capital management, corporate social responsibility, knowledge management, organizational development, performance management, employee relation, reward management which happens in organization for managing people. In other definition Randawa (2007) describes human resource management refers to the policies and practices involved in carrying out the people of human resource aspect of a management position. Armstrong (2009), states that the objective of the human resource management is to ensure that the organization is able to achieve success through people. Human resource management is an organizational function that deals with people in selecting, recruiting, training, communicating, motivating them. On the hand, the domain of the Human resource management is to plan, organise, direct and control the process of these activities into the organization. Personal management is also used to describe the management of people in the organization. Since the last few decades these two concepts have been taken interchangeably. But few scholars still raise the issues to describe these two concepts separately. However the study of human resource management says that the personal management is related to human resources that occupies the functions that deals with the employment of people within the organizations. Cole (2002) argues that personal management describes the same genre of management activity in such organizations. Cole explores the values and importance of personal management and says that personal management has been used to describe t he function of management that deals with the recruitment, employment, training, deployment, safety and departure of employees. Personal management aims to achieve specific efficiency and  justice in managing people because it is more concerned with the role and responsibility of the employees into organizations. It is concerned with job satisfaction, pay, promotion and motivation of employees. For example, job satisfaction and motivation can be judged personally that show the personal management has related with the overall study of human resource of management. It also includes developing and implementing the policies to create supportive environment for the employees. But the recent debate has tried to identify some few separate distinctions in effect of application of personal and human resource management. According to Cole (2002) the following distinctions are given: Personal management covers Human resource management covers 1. Servicing role 2. special department 3. Emphasis on procedures 4. Less flexible approach to staff 5. Focus on employees’ needs 1. Innovative role 2. General Management activity 3. Emphasis on strategy 4. flexible approach 5. Focus on employees requirements 1.2 Access the functions of human resource management of your chosen company Human resource management functions are known as its tasks performed in an organization to provide coordination of human resources. Pattanayak (2005) states that human resource functions are concerned with a variety of activities that significantly influence almost all areas of an organization. HRM functions can be divided into two parts. 1. Primary functions 2. Secondary functions To describe the functions of human resource management I have chosen Tesco which is the biggest and popular supermarket in the UK. Tesco sells foods, daily needs goods, beverages, and electronics. Tesco has extended its storesc  in other countries out of the UK. The goals of the human resource management are to increase the business by using the human resources perfectly. The proper use of human resource brings growth, profitability, competitiveness in the business. Primary functions of human resource management 1. Human resource planning: Planning is related to manage the demand and supply factors of human resource in organizations. Human resource is a basic resource of the organization. All the activities have to perform by human resources so the human resource management plans the strategy to manage the people into organization. Human resource management team of Tesco makes the plan of operation for a year in the beginning of the year. Management sets the policy and guidance for the whole operating process in the business. 2. Equal employment opportunity: Equal opportunity to the employees is a basic legal responsibility of the organization. Therefore human resource management plans to provide the equal opportunity of employment by setting the policy and procedures. 3. Staffing (recruitment and selection): Staffing is one of the most important responsibilities of management. To select the right people, at the right place in the right time is a challenge for management. To recruit the best person, management sets the selection procedures. It is a time consuming process. Human resource management selects the people according its requirement to achieve the organizational goals. 4. Payroll administration: Human resource management team is responsible to make employees’ payroll keeping track of hours of the employee. This is the task to ensure that the employees are receiving appropriate amount of pay for their working hours. Payroll administration is also responsible to calculate the taxes and addition in salary by bonuses, benefits, and overtime work. Tesco has thousands of employees so the payroll administration job of the HRM is very important and complicated. 5. Reward management: Reward management is related to motivation of employees. Reward is a prize or financial return for the better performance which motivates the employees. Human resource management provides extrinsic reward and intrinsic reward to employees. 6. Training and Development: Human resource management provides the training to develop the skills of the employees. Training is a necessary activity to develop the working skills of the people. 7. Performance Management: Performance management is a process to  establish the shared workforce which helps to achieve the organizational goal. HRM should keep the employee aware to achieve the objectives so it works for high performance workforce. 8. Employee relations: Employee relationship can contribute to high productivity, motivation and morale. Good relation of employee can solve the problems easily among each other and it supports the performance. 1.3 Evaluate the role and responsibilities of line managers Manager is a responsible person to operate the day to day business in Tesco. Line managers do the activities what the store managers do in the store. There are few role and responsibilities of duty managers. 1. Administrate work: Line managers do their job handling the day -to-day operations of the business. Managers control employees in and out log book, control inventory, keep records. 2. Planning: Line Managers are responsible for planning the operations in the business. Line managers in Tesco make the plan to operate the business functions of the day. 3. Direct: Line managers direct the employees and support them to do the work. Managers are the leaders also they guide their subordinates. 4. Evaluate: Line managers evaluate the performance of the employees; they can reward and punish them. 1.4 Analyse the impact of the UK legal and regulatory frame work on human resource management The UK Legal and regulatory Framework on human resource management has protected the employees from unfair discrimination in the work place. It defined and fixed the rights and equal access to job vacancies to everybody, working 40 hour in a week, minimum wages, and working overtime. The law has confirmed the same pay for men and women who do the equal work. Employers are obligated to provide safe and clean environment at their work place. Sex discrimination Act tells men and women are treated equally. The people must not be discriminated against marital status, sex, age, disability, race, sexual orientation, and gender. The law has prohibited all kinds of discriminations and harassment in the work. There are following law and regulations to control discriminations i.e. the equal Pay Act 1970, the sex Discrimination Act1975, The disability discrimination Act 1995, the employment Equality Reg ulations 2003, and The Equality Act 2006. 1.5 Identify and apply 3 strategies that can help line manager to recruit new staff for your chosen company The strategies that I would recommend to the line manager to recruit new staff for Tesco are as follow. a) Arrange for group interaction: This can be one of the effective strategies that a line manager can apply to recruit in Tesco. Group interaction brings out the best of the potential recruit and helps the line manager to understand their competitiveness among the group. b) Use non-traditional media to publish the job: using a non traditional media such as YouTube to advertise the post can reach to a far more group of potential candidates. c) Consider past candidate: This is one of the easiest and far cheaper way of recruitment. Digging in the past files of the candidates helps the line manager to make a decision effectively. 1.6 Critically evaluate the benefits of using a ‘soft system’ of approach of HRM in a business organization ‘Soft System’ approach of HRM is based on a kind of developmental humanism where trust, self regulated behaviour and commitment are at the centre of this strategic approach, with people considered key assets and the source of competitive advantage (Debroux, 2003). Some of the benefits of using this approach of HRM are so below. It maintains collaboration, partnership, goodwill and willingness of entities. It motivates and encourages employees to perform at their par. It turns the working environment to a comfort zone.

Explanation of Richard Dyers Model for Analyzing Star Image Essay

Explanation of Richard Dyers Model for Analyzing Star Image - Essay Example Dyer explains that stars are images and not actual people. As images, every star should represent a particular ideology. The success of a star arises from his ability to represent such ideologies both consistently and effectively. This way, the audience develops a unique perception of the star a feature that influences their consumption of successive films starring every star (Being & Rutsky, 2001). A star must, therefore, represent particular social values. Successful stars make successful films. However, the success in this context originates from the ability of a director to use a specific star effectively in a manner that makes him or her represent the various social values the audience anticipates from them. Additionally, Dyer explains that the media creates a star out of several materials including adverts, films, magazines and even music videos among others. In order to create a star, all the above media content must present the star in a similar manner thus making such stars represent consistent ideologies. Institutions create celebrities and icons for financial gains. This implies that celebrities sell specific ideological dimensions to their target audience thus earning financial gains for the developers (Allen & Gomery, 1985). People pay billions of dollars to watch films for various reasons key among which is the character staring in a film. Audiences develop divergent views and mindsets about a star. They, therefore, watch a film while investigating the portrayal of the particular star. Such explanations validate the star theory, which defines stars in four key points. The theory explains that stars have capital value, are deviant, constructs and have cultural values. Stars break rules in the society a feature that enhances their ideologies as presented in the films.

Revise paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Revise paper - Essay Example Can the word bitch be used to refer to any woman? If it can, then does it indicate a woman who is unlikable, mean, obnoxiously independent and whorish? Can the word bitch be used to refer to a woman in a good way? Can it be used as a term of empowerment to indicate a self-confident and strong woman instead of being employed in a degrading and harmful way?(Celious 4) These are fundamental questions that observers of rap especially in the US have continued to ask. These issues arise from the fact that over the past ten years, more and more female rappers have proclaimed themselves as â€Å"bitches†. Their use of the word bitch is meant to indicate the independence and strength of a woman as opposed to degrading the woman. The concern triggers the debate as to whether the word bitch has been re-appropriated. The paper renders itself to exploring the extent to which the word has been re-appropriated. It also brings up the argument as to the real meaning of the use of the word bitch by women indicative of empowerment while, in essence, the word continues to perform a degrading role. The issue arises from a sequence of discussions in magazines, movies and television programs that have rendered themselves to speaking about the current style of female rappers defining themselves as bitches as if it was a non-derogatory and powerful term. There are two schools of thought in response to this fundamental question. One school of thought regards the activities of the female artists to be empowering while the other school of thought sees them as debilitating. Those that argue that the actions are empowering suggest that products of culture such as media have no standard message. The message they communicate can be interpreted in numerous ways for different ends. On the other hand, those that suggest that the actions are debilitating are of the view that cultural products such as media indeed have

Explain the history and evolution of the U.S. Constitution, related Essay

Explain the history and evolution of the U.S. Constitution, related historical documents, and the U.S. Supreme Court - Essay Example The judges of the federal courts are structurally envisaged to remain independent through a constitutionally designated separation of powers. Article III involves dealing with two basic features of the United States Constitution, namely federalism and separation of powers which makes it eternally relevant and contestable. Here, the constitution invests central powers with the United States Supreme Court as the only institution in which the highest judicial powers of the land is concentrated. According to Amar, â€Å"the Constitution clearly does limit in important ways congressional power to shift ultimate judicial power from federal to state courts† (1985, 271). Importantly, the federal judges and the lower court judges are not equal as the latter is constitutionally created as supreme and independent. III) The Case or Controversy Requirement The case or controversy requirement of Article III is meant for safeguarding the timely power allocation among the courts in an easy ma nner, the rightful representation of a party who is ate the receiving end of the judgment and protecting the matter of self-determinism.

What is strategic-asset-seeking and does it help explain why Chinese Essay - 1

What is strategic-asset-seeking and does it help explain why Chinese business groups internationalise their operations - Essay Example Inward FDI also resulted in massive foreign exchange reserves, which was also a reason for Chinese companies to move overseas (Andersson and Wang, 2011). However, these push factors do not explain the true motives for the Chinese firms to internationalize. Earlier the theories of internationalization focused on the eclectic paradigm developed by Dunning and the Uppsala Model of internationalization. Firms then believed in new theories of trade such as market-seeking or resources-seeking motive (Liu and Buck, 2009) to internationalize. Today â€Å"going out† is the name that China calls its strategy of ODI (The Economist, 2012). The motivation to go out could range from market-seeking strategy to avoidance of country-of-origin effect (Salidjanova, 2011) and is not restricted to strategic-asset seeking motives. In short, China invests in any business where it serves China’s interest, according to Salidjanova (2011). Based on the theories of internationalization, this paper seeks to evaluate the motives for Chinese firms to move overseas. Chinese outward FDI (ODI) gained impetus in 2004 and by 2010 it ranked 5th among all economies in terms of outward FDI flows (UNCTAD, 2011). From 2004 to 2011 it grew from $5.5 billion a year to $65 billion a year and is expected to reach $150 billion by 2015 (The Economist, 2012). This significant jump in ODI is shown in the chart below. Initially the ODI from China was in neighbouring developing nations requiring limited resources (Liu and Buck, 2009). The pull factors that induced ODI from China were natural resource endowments and market potential (Biggeri and Sanfilippo, 2009). The largest ODIs came from Chinese state-owned enterprises (SOEs) such as China Petroleum & Chemical Corporation (SINOPEC) and China National Petroleum Corporation (CNPC) (Andersson and Wang, 2011). An empirical study of

Technologies and Citizens Privacy Research Paper

Technologies and Citizens Privacy - Research Paper Example With doing away of paper based services people store their data in computers. Spy software and network sniffing programs that are readily available in the Internet have aided people in violating other people privacy. People, thus, need to be able to protect their network securities and computers from any form of intrusion. This calls for risk management when it comes to people’s personal information (Lindsay & Thomson, 2005). The government and business agencies need to find new ways and means that can protect people’s identity and privacy when delivering or offering services. Form a citizen’s point of view, it is clear that online and other forms of digital transactions are vulnerable to breach of securities (Davenport, 2006). Citizens lack proper knowledge to understand what happens when their identity is stored in the online government systems and other businesses. Through the use of spy software, a person can be tracked wherever and whenever he or she uses cr edit cards. There is the need for citizens to be educated on how to protect their personal information (Davenport, 2006). Advantages and Disadvantages of the Public Being Able to Access Information All forms of technological developments do come with their own issues biased on both the negative and positive sides. The issue of technology has brought the Internet age which has been having great importance in human lives and by so doing being able to enhance human interaction and business operations (Bhunia, 2006). However, the issue of insecurity has as well been experienced and which is in need of tentative analysis towards curbing all the issues of insecurity which comes as a result. The issue of network security is something which has been given the necessary concern and establishment by nations as well as organizations. Due to this kind of development, the network security is able to change the focus of security groups or security blueprint over the past few years. With the publi c is able to access information, there is a need to audit the systems that host the information. There are few things that an information security auditor needs to be previewed before carrying out an audit of the information security data centers. The auditor needs to be well informed about the organization and how it conducts its sensitive business activities (Lindsay & Thomson, 2005). This will immensely help when it comes to performing a data or information center assessment. Every organization should have a data center and its main objective should be to align the data center actions with the goals of the organization. At the same time it should be able to preserve the safety and integrity of the public data and information in the data centers. Prior to conducting the audit process, the following are some of the things that an information security auditor needs to do: meet with the IT management and carry out a review of its department organizational structure, conduct a review of the job description of all the employees at the data center, know all the application and operating systems in use at the data centers, review the data centers emergency recovery plans, and evaluate the IT departments or organizations policies and procedures when it comes to handling their data centers (Davenport, 2006). Protecting Information The issue of netw

No Country for Old Men by Cormic McCarthy Essay

No Country for Old Men by Cormic McCarthy - Essay Example Dystopia can also be described as a life of unfavorable circumstance. First, Llewelyn Moss finds and steals the drug dealers’ $2,000,000 cash from the crime scene, being at the wrong place (Rio Grande) at the wrong time, after the drug battle (McCarthy 3). Consequently, the life of Llewelyn Moss is life is filled with unfavorable circumstances. The entire story focuses on Moss trying to evade being forced to return the drug dealer’s money. The story shows the disadvantages of being pulled in the dangerous and short-lived life within the drug trade. Moss is forced to persuade his young wife, Carla Jean Moss, to pack up her bags and hide in far away Odessa in order to avoid being held as the drug dealers’ hostage (McCarthy 28). Unfortunately, Moss is unsuccessful. Chigurh kills Carla Moss. Sheriff Bell warns Carla the drug dealers will find and kill her husband for stealing their drug money (McCarthy 67). Further, the story shows that dystopia claims another victim , Sheriff Bell. Sheriff Bell is unsuccessful in protecting Moss from being killed by people who are after the drug money. Sheriff Bell is not able to prevent Chigurh’s killing Carla Moss (McCarthy 144). Consequently, despair prompts Sheriff Bell to retire and drift into dreamland. The entire novel’ dystopia character is grounded on retrieving the drug money from the thief, Llewelyn Moss (Spurgeon 75). Additionally, the novel is one of McCarthy’s many war-based novels. McCarthy’s favorite wars include the Mexican-American War, Mexican Revolution, and World War 2. McCarthy’s other novels include the Blood Meridian and the Border Trilogy. Both Sheriff Bell and LLewelyn Moss are war veterans (Hage 121). Further, the author brings to life the effect of dystopia on different characters. The author fits the evil forces against the good forces. The story ends with the evil forces triumphant over the good forces, characteristic of dystopia. One good force, Sheriff Bell, unsuccessfully prevents the death of the one good character, Moss. Sheriff Bell did not prevent the killing of Carla Moss. Llewelyn Moss is another good character. As a finder’s keeper person, Llewelyn Moss was innocently dragged into the drug world. Moss ends up killed by other Mexicans trying to grab the drug money from Moss (McCarthy 63). Mario Raff reiterated that Moss is the hero or good person in the novel, since Anton Chigurh is depicted as the villain for strangling a police officer (2). A third good person, Carla Moss, is an innocent victim of the drug world. By being the wife of Moss, Carla is targeted by the drug syndicates. Carla Moss losses her life at the hands of the drug dealer’s hitman, Anton Chigurh (McCarthy 144). With reduced capital, there would be lesser drugs smuggled through the borders of Mexico (Spurgeon 75). Furthermore, the bad characters are triumphant in the novel. Chigurh, drug dealer hitman, successfully recovers the money from the apartment of Moss. The author brings out Chigurh’s philosophy where there are no right decisions or wrong decisions, just plain decisions needed to be made based on each unique situation (Raff 6). The drug dealers recover the money from Moss. The author espouses that evil can triumph over good (Spurgeon 75). Moreover, the author sprinkles the novel with a dystopia (misfortune) tone. Dystopia focuses on sad, failure or loss hovering over the novel’s good forces. For example, Moss ends up dead in the

Organizational Behavior Terminology and Concepts Paper Term - 1

Organizational Behavior Terminology and Concepts - Term Paper Example (Robbins, & Judge, 2010). Similarly, it has become possible for organizations to manage a clientele from all parts of the world since no matter how far they are, they are always just a click away. This technological revolution, however, along with all its marvels, brings numerous challenges for the organizations as well, which need to be handled proactively. One such challenge is that of delegating an effective and efficient organizational behavior uniformly throughout the organization. (Robbins, & Judge, 2010). Organizational behavior basically encompasses everything pertaining to human interaction and their relationships in any particular organizational setting. (Kinicki, & Kreitner, 2006). It includes intra-organizational interaction (i.e. among employees of all levels), inter-organizational interactions (i.e. with partners, competitors, distributors, suppliers, etc.) as well as extra-organizational interaction (i.e. interaction with customers). (Hellriegel, & Slocum, 2007). It de als with the culture that prevails within the organization, the relationships the employee share with each other as well as with various stakeholders and the image a company exuberates as a whole. (Kinicki, & Kreitner, 2006). ... (Keyton, 2010). It is a set of norms and principles pertaining to the behavior of the employees and their interaction with each other as well as the stakeholders. (Schein, 2004). It is the general environment of the organization that stems from the various values and attitudes defined by the organization. The organizational culture may be weak or strong. A strong culture inculcates an environment of unity and mutual trust. Employees tend to align themselves with the organizational values and rules and adhere to them strongly. (Robbins, & Judge, 2010). Organizational commitment is higher, employees take ownership of what they do and there is higher employee motivation and loyalty. (Keyton, 2010). In order to induce a strong organizational culture, the organizational values should be clearly defined and should be uniformly followed across the board. The consequences should be similar for all and the compensation should be equitable. (Hellriegel, & Slocum, 2007). Source: (New Horizons, 2009). http://www.nhorizons.ca/en-change-culture-change.asp Ideally, the values should be properly listed down. Moreover, the employees should be reminded of them in a polite and interesting manner every now and then. Various team building exercises and sessions may help strengthen the culture. (Schein, 2004). However, one drawback of a strong culture may be the presence of Groupthink, that is, when everybody tends to follow or agree with what one member of the group does or says in order to avoid mental effort as well as conflicts. (Keyton, 2010). This can be avoided, though, through encouraging the employees to voice their opinions and concerns on an individual basis instead in the form of a group. (Schein, 2004). Organizational

Evidence week three Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Evidence week three - Essay Example ant facts that can be used to resolve the conflicts that regularly arise between nurses and pregnant mothers will be identified and used in the nursing field to create a harmonious coexistence. Presumable, nurses regularly perceive mothers diagnosed with diabetes with discernment (Eadara et al., 2010). Using the PICOT format my question will be: Question: How do expectant mothers diagnosed with diabetes relate to nurses and how do they perceive reporting their blood sugar levels to their healthcare givers within the first 6 months? (Eadara et al., 2010). The question is both qualitative and quantitative. It will use a mixed research design to enable a proper analysis of data and/or information and uncover the real facts underlying GDM and Preeclampsia (Eadara et al., 2010). Using a mixed design will also allow me to reference data appropriately and eventually derive knowledge that can contribute to the growth of evidence-based knowledge in nursing. This is a great case to refer to from the nursing examination strategies and methodologies utilized within the course contemplate by the people. This is among the greatest obscurities being in the nursing field and profession in the entire world since it is a nearly related viable action done by the attendant specialists as a careful investigation. According to Houser, the fall and damage cases have been on the ascent and essentially interfaced to the nature of nursing mind in the locale specified. Houser states that the examination is about the reason for fall and harm cases and its answer (Sudbury et al., 2007). The name of the examination database is called "Fall and Injury Prevention". This is pointed at securing what reasons individuals to fall and be presented to damages and what sort of individuals are obliged to give answer for these cases. It has been secured that numerous individuals get wounds from tumbling down on the floor or on articles and need fitting medical caretak er administer to their damages. A

Working in groups Essay Example for Free

Working in groups Essay 1) Explain the difference types of groups that suit in the workplace a) FORMAL AND INFORMAL GROUPS. Formal groups can be addressed to the staff as a whole, to selected groups of employees or to an individual in the company; such examples can be job appraisal procedures, reports, consultative document, etc. Informal groups in this way means talking but a two-way communication process in all its forms. These groups serve a counter organizational function, attempting to offset in a business. b) SHORT TERM AND LONG TERM. Short term is when an employee is working for a short period of time where as long term is when an employee is work more then that. Being in a group for a shirt time may not give the group all its best, but this can only change by stay for a long period of time. e) QUALITY CIRCLES Discussion groups that meet regularly to identify problems consider alternative solutions and recommend them to management. This forms an important part of a companys programme of continuous improvement. Quality circles may be summarised as following: * They are small groups of workers who meet voluntarily and appoint their own group leader. * They meet on a regular basis, often after work * They are usually from the same work area * Their purpose is to identify, investigate, analyse and solve- related problems. * They present their solutions the management. 2) Why is it of important to mangers individuals to encourage working in groups or teams? It is important for to mangers individuals to work in groups or teams because this can: * Increase listening skills * Shared work load * Work is completed quick * Increase motivation * Shared ideas * Shared responsibility * Developing team confidence * Problem solving * Specific skills 3) Explain fully Belbins team theory. Belbin team roles describe a pattern of behaviour that characterises one persons behaviour in relationship to another in facilitating the progress of a team. The value of Belbin team-role theory lies in enabling an individual or team to benefit from self-knowledge and adjust according to the demands being made by the external situation. Identifying a persons team Role helps: * Improve self awareness and personal effectiveness. * Foster mutual trust and understanding between work colleagues. * Team selection and team building. * Match people to jobs more effectively. Managers must understand that people bring more than their skills and experience to a team, they bring their personalities as well. Utilizing peoples behavioural strengths to create a balanced team adds greatly to both group and personal performance. It shows that although each team member in an example team has a functional role, they also have team roles. These are critical to the teams success. Belbin explains that teams with fewer members may need people to perform dual roles. He shows how behavioural skills can be assessed and how, with care, teams can be constructed that take account of hierarchies as well as personal interaction. 4) Why is it useful ensuring the success of working groups? Work can be made more efficient. Mistakes are likely to be made which also means more ideas are created. A feeling of belonging can be created which could also lead them to be motivated and this creates a better atmosphere. Extra work can be don which can have a knock on effect on any other groups if any. This may lead to increase of production and therefore increase of profit. 5) How do organizations use groups to achieve? a) Targets Groups are there two create ideas, plans and strategies. They can be part of these in order to achieve the target they are set. Each member of the group can be allocated a particular task, so the target is easier to achieve, this can help moral and motivation. This will then result in increased efficiency of completing the task b) Share Skills The work will be shared which makes it quicker to complete. This will motivate the employees to work quicker and faster and share all ideas amongst the group. Along with this is essential that work is shared with equal responsibility. Team confidence will build and problems which occur amongst the group can also be solved. Some people may have specific skills that others may not have; this can lead to good ideas, which can result of a good quality of work performance c) Ideas Goals Ideas are taken 4rm all individuals in the group and then summarised and put together to make a big discussion or point. Every idea brought up can be widened out or also described as a schema. Employees will be motivated and the business will be come more successful. This will lead the business to become more higher ranked. The business will be getting the best of its ability of the groups ideas, which will associate it to become more successful.

The Advantages Of Internet Censorship Media Essay

The Advantages Of Internet Censorship Media Essay Nowadays, the internet has been gaining its popularity at an amazing rate. The internet has become an important communicative tool, which brings significant convenience and efficiency for people. However, the internet also has severe weakness. Although the internet is comprehensive and the internet is not easy to limit, many countries are working on the censorship of the Internet. The issue of internet censorship is a complex and controversial one. As a matter of fact, the censorship of the internet is a double-edged sword. The censorship can work in some instances, but in others it can be detrimental to society. This essay will first explain the advantages of internet censorship. Then the essay will explain the harm of internet censorship to the society. The internet censorship can be a protection measure. As the internet is open and comprehensive, the quality and authenticity of internet information is questionable. There are a lot of undue materials online, such as pornography and violence, which undoubtedly exerts a negative influence on people especially children physically and psychologically. Although there are several laws which regulate the illegal information and illegal activities, the laws are not complete enough to regulate all the illegal or immoral activities. It is very hard to charge a person for internet crimes, especially if the person is from a foreign website. Thus, the illegal activities and undue information are still rampant on the internet. Thus, internet censorship is needed for internet regulation. The censorship of internet can cleanse the internet information and protect people to some extent. The censorship of internet can filter the inappropriate information online and protect children from disturbing websites, such as, child pornography, sexual violence and detailed instructions in crime or drug use. The undue internet information may weaken childrens moral consciousness and pollute childrens soul. Thus, the undue websites can have a severely bad effect on the healthy growth of children or even cause adolescent crime. However, children are easy to contact undue internet information. Since parents can not monitor the web pages that children browse in any time and at any place, the censorship of internet can help the parents to filter undue websites for children and protect them from the misguidance and negative influence of internet. An opinion survey carried out by a professor in Charles Sturt University found that parents were worried about the pornographic content on the internet. In order to protect children from the negative influence of extreme, violent and pornogr aphic information, 93% parents support the mandatory internet filtering. The censorship of internet can help women. In order to get more click rate and benefits, many adult websites advocate violent sexual abuse of women. Many women suffer from the hell made by the internet because the internet makes them sold into slavery through the international sex trade (Mallisk, D., 2009). The censorship of internet can block access to these websites, regulate or even shut down some of these websites, and thus reduce the sexual exploitation of women in the internet. Thus, the censorship of internet can protect women to some degree. The censorship of internet can guard people from the disturbing email spam. For many net citizens, junk email is a troublesome problem. Some junk emails may have malware, and the malware will be activated when net citizens open the email. Some junk emails may be phishing schemes that attempt to steal net citizens identity and threatens the economic safety and privacy. Some junk emails may be fraudulent schemes or offensive material. Besides, there are a lot of annoying unsolicited advertisements (Mallisk, D., 2009). Spam filters can block junk emails for net citizens and make their internet life more safe and simple. The censorship of internet can protect the life privacy of people. The inappropriate information has threatened the life privacy of Australian people. As the incident that Google Street View cars collected personal data by WiFi systems illegally was complained, the Australian Federal Police has involved in investigation. Australian Communications Minister Stephen Conroy accused Google of doing it deliberately and said the move was the single greatest breach in the history of privacy (Shears, R., 2010). Besides, there are some net citizens or websites that make a mala fide use of internet to diffuse others privacy, like others private video, private pictures and so on. The censorship of internet can prevent these duly. Thus, sometimes, in order to protect the privacy of people, the censorship of internet is necessary. The censorship of internet can protect peoples economic interest. Some internet information can threaten peoples economic interest. Internet banking frauds happens frequently. The censorship of internet can filter a great deal of fraudulent information in the internet and enhance the supervision and control of internet banking. Due to internet censorship, a great number of financial frauds, phishing, identity thefts, credits card thefts and many other illegal activities are prevented (Manohar, U., n.d). Therefore, the economic loss of internet users are reduced or avoided. The censorship of internet can decrease internet violence and protect peoples personal security. In Australia or even the whole world, internet bullying and violence has become a serous issue. There are many suicide cases caused by internet bullying. The internet users are anonymous and the information spread fast on the internet. Some users take advantages of internet to carry on internet violence. The users may slander, abuse others and expose others privacy, which will bring about great harm to the victims. Many stars are the victim of internet violence, which can even cause the outcome of suicide. Some websites make use of internet illegally, which will give rise to baneful influence and threaten peoples life security. Internet murders happen. Through social networking sites, internet users deceive and murder other users. There are some suicide websites that abet suicide, communicate suicide knowledge and provide suicide methods. The occurrence of all these incidents and similar incidents make the internet censorship necessary. Internet censorship can prevent unjustified defamation, limit internet violence and protect peoples life security. The censorship of internet can help to protect social stability and national safety. Since the internet censorship can help to curb the large number of illegal activities and internet crimes, it is good to the stability of society. Some illegal organizations or people may release black information which will disturb the national economy and polity. The terrorists and extremists may release false information to distort facts, confuse the public peoples mind and create fear and panic thorough internet. These kinds of information will sabotage the national safety and must be deleted or filtered to avoid the misunderstanding of the public. The protection is not only about the physical preservation of the people, and foremost, it is a force and guidance in the morals and values of the nation as a whole (Coleman, B., 2010). There are many inappropriate and immoral content and information on the internet which will have a severe negative influence on the moral and value shape of the public. The censorship of internet can help filter the undue information which may corrupt the moral standard and soul of the public. Thus the censorship of internet can protect to maintain the mainstream morals and values of the nation and help the public to form healthy and reasonable internet using consciousness. The censorship of internet attaches importance to the whole rather than individual. That is why China that believes in communism can implement stringent internet censorship. The disadvantages of internet censorship The most important point against the censorship of internet is that it is against the freedom of speech and it violates human rights. The internet is an important communicative tool, which provides a platform of people from all around the world to make free speech. It should be a place where people can express their views and position regardless of societys acceptance. However, the censorship of internet censor, filter and even delete some peoples free speech. This measure hinders the free spread of information. Peoples rights of free speech, rights of communication and right to know are violated. This breaches the spirit of democracy. This measure is detrimental to websites which express particular thoughts and view. It is an obstacle to the development of internet. People may be worried about that the government will abuse the right of censorship and violates the democracy of the society. The censorship is controlled by the government. The government may abuse the right of censorship to exclude the speeches and information opposed to the authority. The government may manipulate the rights of censorship to hide information which is disadvantageous to its policies. The government that has rights of internet censorship may silence anyone who doubt about the government. The political party in party may manipulate the rights of censorship to limit the power of political opponents. The publics right to know is deprived of and the public are controlled by the government. Consequently, without the supervision of public, the democracy of the nation is damage greatly, which will give rise to serious negative influence to the whole nation. Some undue websites, such as pornographic websites, no one wants that to be available. However, the real issues limit ed by the censorship of internet go far beyond the regime. In China, although many pornographic websites and forum are banned and blocked, the government, in fact, focus on the censorship of political website. The censor to the sensitive words such as Taiwan, religion, Tibet and human rights are very strict. Besides, some disputed information, such as euthanasia and homosexuals will be block. The public can not get enough information to these disputed issues. Thus, prejudices and intolerance emerges, which will bring unfairness to the society. The censorship can also have negative effect on the judicature of the society. In China, some people are accused of agitating people to topple government and arrested because they publish and spread articles and information to oppose and criticize government. However, the conviction criterion of this accusation is very vague. The judicial interpretation is not adequate. The government has to much space to determine this issue. Thus, many scholars and lawyers submit a joint letter to limit or abolish this accusation. Besides, many scholars and lawyers ask for the judicial interpretation of this accusation. The internet censorship may challenge the authority of judicature and cause the damage to the authority of laws. The censorship of internet will bring about great economic cost. First, the expanse on the work of filter can be very expensive (Nicholson, J. D., 2008). Further, a broad scale filter proposed by the Government may also drive up related costs, such as data center staff needed to deal with an increase in customer complaints when they can not access sites(Riley, D., 2009). Second, the Internet filter could ruin National Broadband Network (NBN) speeds. A test paper released by the Australian Communications and Media Authority showed that a proper implement of a censorship regime would likely, at best cause a 20% drop in internet speeds or even more higher speed drop (Riley, D., 2009). As the internet speeds are slowed down, that means longer time will be spent on doing business and the productivity will fall (Riley, D., 2009). It will make a big difference to business when a filtering slowdown, like downloading files. If clicking on something, it will waste lots of time to wait it open. Therefore, the Internet filter affects the efficiency of business and may bring about loss or waste of money. In addition, if there is Internet traffic, lots of filtering units and some mechanism are needed for changing the busy to small parts. These will cost lots of money. The whole efficiency of business is slowed down and this will cause great economic cost. The censorship of internet limits the development of on-line service trade. The internet is a global market. As the development of internet, electronic commerce based on the internet replaces the management frame of standard commerce in a great measure. Moreover, the electronic commerce has mostly covered other forms of transnational trade. As the development of internet market, it makes great contributions to the whole economy. The trade supervision problems of internet market are emphasized, which include trade restriction, undermining trade environment and electronic commerce investment, information service and internet transmission. One of these measures is to prevent the access to the website. The censorship of internet implemented by different nations is always against the rules of WTO. These nations always force some preponderant websites to conform to the censorship of these nations. As a result, the internet trade is influenced seriously. To the on-line trade, the internet c ensorship is a kind of non-tariff barrier. The censorship of internet will have a negative effect on the work, study and communication of net citizens. The filtering of key words influences the research of scholars, teachers and students. The Internet filter is software which controls access to online content. These methods are more commonly referred to as a black list or white list. The filter prevents inappropriate content with white list, black list or keyword system. As its name implies, a black list blocks all websites or material restricted by an authority. The reverse, a white list, bars access to all Internet content except items approved by the filter. Keyword system checks keywords entered, limiting some sensitive words, such as sex. By this way, many useful information and normal key words may be filtered. Because of the internet censorship, people can not express themselves freely and get much information as they want. The creativity of people is discouraged, which is bad for the political, technological can cultu ral innovation of the whole society. Conclusion In conclusion, the censorship of internet is a double-edged sword. The censorship can work in some instances, but in others it can be detrimental to society. The censorship of internet can reduce the illegal activities on the internet. It provides physical protection for net citizens. The censorship of internet can protect children from undue information. It can also help women. It can also protect the economic interest, life security, social stability and national safety. Besides, it protects people to sustain the moral safety of people and help people to form healthy internet using consciousness. However, the censorship of internet also has its detriment. It violates peoples rights of free speech and may sabotage democracy. It can bring about great economic costs and prevent the development of international on-line trade. Meanwhile, it limits people to get enough information to fulfill research and study, and thus the creativity of people may be discouraged. There is no absolute fr eedom in the world, thus the internet can be an absolute free place. Although the internet censorship has its disadvantages, the negative effects of internet censorship can not be overdrawn. However, the transparency of internet censorship must be enhanced. The internet censorship without supervision is dangerous.

Rohingya Refugees Health Problems and Health Seeking

Rohingya Refugees Health Problems and Health Seeking Title: HEALTH PROBLEMS HEALTH CARE SEEKING BEHAVIOR OF ROHINGYA REFUGEES Abstract Background:  Rohingya refugees are the most vulnerable group due to lack of health care system, personal hygiene, shelter, sanitation and violence. In this study the main aim to find out the health problems health care seeking behavior of rohingya refugee peoples, to identify the socio-demographic information for such exposure group in relation to age, sex, occupation, living areas, to explore the patients physical, emotional, perceptions, attitudes and environmental health problems and to bring out health care seeking behavior of refugees. Methodology: This was a cross-sectional study. Total 149 samples were selected conveniently for this study from the refugee camps. Data was collected by using mixed type of questionnaire. Descriptive statistic was used for data analysis which focused through table, pie chart and bar chart. Results: The finding of the study showed that 45.6% participants had multiple problems followed by 16.8% participants had other specific problems like muscul oskeletal pain, visual problems and peptic ulcer. Urinary tract infection is the leading individual health problems, among the participants 11.4% had this problem, 10.7% participants had hypertension, 6% had respiratory tract infection, 3.4% had nutrition deficiency, 4.75% had diabetes mellitus and 1.3% had sanitation hygiene problems. Among the participants the middle age people had mostly health problems, 68.4% age range between 15-59 years. The study showed that, only 16.1% participants were satisfied with the quality of service they received, among the participants 37.6% participants said that they were need better services such as more laboratory test, radiological imaging, more medicine more doctors. Conclusion:  It is clear that refugee peoples suffered from lots of health problems, because there living condition, environmental situation not similar like an independent nations, from being their expectation there was not sufficient enough medicine other services were avai lable, they deserve better services. Keywords:Health problems, Rohingya refugee, Health seeking behaviour, Bangladesh. Introduction: Rohingyas are an ethnic, linguistic and religious minority group of Northern Rakhine State (NRS) of Myanmar. Myanmar government categorized them as illegal immigrants from Bangladesh and excluded them from citizenship and basic human rights (1). From 1991-1992 a mass exodus of more than 250,000 Rohingya refugees fled persecution in the Union of Myanmar and arrived in Bangladesh, living in temporary camps and completely dependent on outside support from the United Nations (UN), the Government of Bangladesh (GOB) and numerous non-governmental organizations (NGOs) (2,3,4). Globally, the total population of refugees is about 9.9 million. The general health status of refugees in various countries is reported to be poor with malnutrition being the major health problem due to lack of access to sufficient food and nutrient intakes. Other health problems among refugees include mental illnesses, intestinal parasites, hepatitis B, tuberculosis, sexually transmitted diseases, HIV/ AIDS, malaria and anemia (2, 5). Infants and young children are often the earliest and most frequent victims of violence, disease, and malnutrition which accompany population displacement and refugee outflows. Rohingyas are spending long period of time in Bangladesh as refugees My life is over. All I want is for my children to have a chance at a better life. Two generations of the Rohingya have said this. The vast majority of their community suffers the same neglect and lack of opportunity that their parents faced at present, there are no specific services available to refugee children with special needs or disabilities. With regards to cases of sexual exploitation of children, there have been reports and cases of refugee minors (females) being harassed, abused or raped by local villagers. A survey found that out of 508 children of under 5 years of age, 65% were anemic and therefore, chronically malnourished (4, 6, 7). Rohingya is a generic term referring to the Sunni Muslim inhabitants of Arakan , the historical name of a Myanmar border region which has a long history of isolation from the rest of the country. It is thought that the Rohingya are of mixed ancestry, tracing their origins both to outsiders (Arabs, Moors, Turks, Persians, Moguls and Pathans) and to local Bengali and Rakhine. They speak a version of Chittagonian, a regional dialect of Bengali which is also used extensively throughout south-eastern Bangladesh (8). Syrian refugees are in need of basic services such as shelter, nutrition, education, medication and health care services. Approximately 1.4 million Syrian refugees are children and the United Nations Childrens Fund has reported that these children are at risk of being a lost generation. Syrian refugees are enduring daily challenges to physical and mental survival. In addition to the extreme needs for physical and nutritional interventions, mental health professionals recognize the urgent need for counseling services based on widespread documented report s of refugees (9, 10). Three meals a day are served in camps, but refugees are not satisfied with the quality of what is served. There are occasional cases of food intoxication. Refugees are not allowed to cook their food in tents because of the risk of fire. Out of camps, the nutritional status of refugees is mostly bad, only limited number of them can have 3 meals a day. In general, they feed on bread and vegetables. A survey conducted at a provincial centre found, among women in the age group 15-49, iron (by 50%) and B12 vitamin deficiency (by 46%) (11). Some of the countries in the region (notably Pakistan, Bangladesh, and Nepal) are host to refugee and displaced populations from neighbouring states, a circumstance that in itself merits attention since it has the potential to cause major political unrest (12). Bangladesh is surrounded by a high HIV prevalence neighboring country at southern part, Myanmar. Teknaf is a small town in the Chittagong Division at the southern tip of B angladesh, separated from Myanmar on the eastern side by the river Naf. This border area is unique for many reasons, including the history of the tens of thousands of refugees that are currently living in squalid conditions on the Bangladeshi side (13). A 19 years old refugee at Nayapara camp sayed that I was born in Burma, but the Burmese government says I dont belong there. I grew up in Bangladesh, but the Bangladesh government says I cannot stay here. As a Rohingya, I feel I am caught between a crocodile and a snake (14). The population of Bangladesh is growing at approximately the rate of l.59 percent per annum the percentage of urban population is 27% while that of rural is 73%. Bangladeshs population growth rate was among the highest in the world in the 1960s and 1970s, when the country swelled from 65 to 110 million (15). The Rohingya refugee problem has been a longstanding issue and involves the question of an ethnic minoritys identity. The Rohingyas are an ethnic minority group in the northern Arakan (currently Rakhine) state of Myanmar. Commonly known as Muslim Arakanese, the Rohingyas trace their historical roots in the Arakan region from the eleventh century to 1962 (16). Hundreds more Rohingya have been the victims of torture, arbitrary detention, rape, and other forms of serious physical and mental harm. Whether confined to the three townships in northern Rakhine State or to one of dozens of internally displaced persons camps throughout the state, Rohingya have been deprived of freedom of movement and access to food, clean drinking water, sanitation, medical care, work opportunities, and education (17). There is no domestic law in Bangladesh to regulate the administration of refugee affairs or to guarantee refugee rights. New refugees have difficulties accessing health care, their health proble ms may worsen with time.5 Social isolation and disconnection have been shown to contribute to premature death among members of isolated communities (18). In refugee camps medical services are mostly crippled, there is no examination and with the exception of some community health centers (RHU) there is no pregnant women and infant monitoring either, since family planning services for refugees are not available, there are unwanted births and increase in infant mortality, women additionally face risks of gender discrimination, sexual violence, early marriage and miscarriage and birth complications (19). The government of Bangladesh welcomed the Rohingyas and made substantial efforts to accommodate them but the GOB had clearly maintained from the beginning that asylum for the refugees was temporary and encouraged their immediate return, of the original 20 refugee camps that were constructed in 1992 in south -western Bangladesh, among them only two are remain near Nayapara refugee camp at Teknaf and Kutupalong refugee camp near Ukhia, giving shelter to 21,621 refugees, Kutupalong camp officially houses 8,216 refugees and Nayapara 13,405 a s of December 2001(20). Methods: Study Place: The study was conducted at the refugee camp in Coxs Bazar in Bangladesh. Data Collection, Management Analysis The data was collect from the refugee camp in Coxs Bazar in Bangladesh through a standard mixed type questionnaire. The study was conducted at the Nayapara refugee camp at teknaf in Coxs Bazar. About 149 samples were collected from July 2016 to October 2016 in Nayapara refugee camp. After collecting the data analysis is done by SPSS (Statistical Package of Social Science) software version 16.0. Ethical consideration A research proposal was submitted to the public health department of ASA University for approval and the proposal was approved by the faculty members and gave permission initially from the supervisor of the research project and from the academic coordinator before conducting the study. The necessary information has been approved by the ethical committee of public health department and was permitted to do this research. Also the necessary permission was taken from the Camp In charge (CIC), health coordinator medical team leader of the refugee health unit (RHU). The participants were explained about the purpose and goal of the study before collecting data from the participants. Pseudonyms were used in the notes, transcripts and throughout the study. It was ensured to the participants that the entire field notes, transcripts and all the necessary information was kept in a locker to maintain confidentiality and all information was destroyed after completion of the study. The participant s were also assured that their comments will not affect them about any bad thing. Result: Table 1: Distribution of demographic variables among the respondents (n=149) Demographic Variable Gender Gender Frequency Percent Male Female 67 82 45 55 Age Age Frequency Percent 01-10 11-20 21-30 31-40 41-50 51-60 61-70 71-80 81-90 91-100 101-110 06 10 14 35 29 23 18 10 2 1 1 4.0 6.7 9.3 23.5 19.5 15.4 12.1 6.7 1.4 0.7 0.7 Educational Status Educational level Frequency Percent Illiterate Literate 112 37 75.2 24.8 Marital Status Marital Status Frequency Percent Married Unmarried Widow 105 20 24 70.5 13.4 16.1 Occupations of the Participants Occupation Frequency Percent Fisher Man 1 .7 Agriculture 3 2.0 Driver 2 1.3 Day laborer 11 7.4 unemployed 42 28.2 Housewife 61 40.9 Student 13 8.7 other (Specify) 16 10.7 Among 149 participants 82 (55%) were female and 67 (45%) were male. Female were predominantly higher than male. Mean age of the participants was 45.52 ( ±19.28) years, mode was 35. The range is 100 with minimum age 02 years and maximum 102 years. Among the participants the higher numbers of the participants were at the age of 35 years and the numbers were 13 (8.7%). The number of à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¤ 18 years were 15 (10.1%), à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¤60 years were 102 (68.4%) and à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¥60 were 32 (21.5%). Majority of the participants were illiterate the numbers were 112 (75.2%) and 37 (24.8%) participants were literate those who complete their primary education. Majority of the participants were married the numbers were 105 (70.5%) followed by those who are widow the numbers were 24 (16.1%) and 20 (13.4%) participants were married. Nuclear family were 76 (51%) whereas 72 (49.0%) participants were in extended family. Among total particepants housewife were 61(40.9%), Unemployed were 42 (28.2%), others 16 (10.7%), student 13(8.7%), Day labour 11(7.4%), Agriculture 3(2%) Driver2 (1.3%) and Fisher man1 (.7%). Figure -1: Health problems among the participants (n=149)    In this study 149 participants are gathered as sample, where there mean is 7.39 with standard deviation ( ± 3.28), median 9.0 and the mode was 10. Out of the 149 participants, 68 participants (45.6%) were had multiple problems followed by those had other specific problems 25 participants (16.8%) like musculoskeletal pain, visual problems and peptic ulcer. Urinary tract infection is the leading individual health problems among 17 participants (11.4%) had this problem, 16 (10.7%) participants had hypertension, 9 (6%) had respiratory tract infection, 5 (3.4%) had nutrition deficiency, 7 (4.75%) had diabetes mellitus and 2 (1.3%) had sanitation hygiene problems. Table 2: Type of health care and health care receive organization (n=149) Type of health care Frequency Percentage Medicine Counseling Laboratory test Referral Nothing Multiple Services 82 2 5 5 6 49 55.0 1.3 3.4 3.4 4.0 32.9 Health care receive organization Frequency Percentage Refugee Health unit (RHU) 75 50.3 Handicap International (HI) 1 0.7 Others 6 4.0 Multiple Organizations (RHU, HI, ACF, RTMI) 67 45 In this study among the 149 participants, 82 (55%) participants took medicine from RHU, 49 (32.9%) received multiple services like medicine, referral, laboratory test others, 5 (3.4%) received both laboratory test referral to other organizations 6 (4%) participants said that they didnt received any treatment from health center And majority of the participants said that they receive health services from RHU, the number was 75 (50.3%) followed by they received health services from multiple organizations like RHU, HI, ACF RTMI and 6 (4%) said that they receive services from others like MSF, health complexes. Table 3: Health care services that meet the demands and the reason for not fulfill the demands (n=149) Health care services that meet the demands Frequency Percent Yes 17 11.4 No 45 30.2 Sometimes 87 58.4 Reason that not fulfill the demands Frequency Percent Not enough medicine supply in the camps 47 31.4 Narrow space in health unit 5 3.4 Lack of doctors 25 16.8 Other 5 3.4 Not enough medicine Lack of doctors 50 33.6 Among the 149 participants, only 11.4% (n=17) participants said they have enough health services to meet their needs, 58.4% (n=87) said that sometimes they have enough health services to meet their needs and 30.2% (n=45) said that they have not enough health services to meet their needs and majority of the participants said they didnt meet needs because there is a lack of medicine supply doctors in the camps the number was 50 (33.6%) and 47 (31.4%) patients said that they didnt meet needs because there is a lack of medicine supply in camps. Figure 2: Expectation among the participants (n=149) Among the 149 participants, 56 (37.6%) participants said that they were need better services, majority of the participants said that they need multiple services includes more laboratory test, radiological imaging, more medicine more doctors, 17 (11.4%) participants said that they need more medicine and 3 (2%) said that they require more referral, laboratory test radiological imaging. Figure 3: Satisfaction level among the participants (n=149) Among the 149 participants, only 16.1% (n=24) participants were satisfied with the quality of service received, 56.4% (n=84) said that they were sometimes satisfied after received services and 27.5% (n=41) said that they were not satisfied after received services. Discussion: The result of this study showed that 45.6% participants were had multiple problems followed by 16.8% participants had other specific problems like musculoskeletal pain, visual problems and peptic ulcer. Urinary tract infection is the leading individual health problems, among the participants 11.4% had this problem, 10.7% participants had hypertension, 6% had respiratory tract infection, 3.4% had nutrition deficiency, 4.75% had diabetes mellitus and 1.3% had sanitation hygiene problems during the course of the study and also in this study it was found that among the participants the mean age of the participants was 45.52 ( ±19.28) years. The range is 100 with minimum age 02 years and maximum 102 years. Among the participants the higher numbers of the participants were at the age of 35 years 8.7%. The numbers of à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¤ 18 years were 10.1%, à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¤60 years were 68.4% and à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¥60 were 21.5%, the middle age people had mostly health problems. ÃÆ'-nen C e t al stated that health problems among refugees were frequently seen mostly at the early childhood in adult aged problems, a community based study was carried out by Turkish medical association stated that 25.0%   children had sleeping disorder at the of below 18 years 24.0% have adult persons with the same problems (22). The study showed that, majority of the participants said that they receive health services from RHU, the number was 75 (50.3%) followed by they received health services from multiple organizations like RHU, HI, ACF RTMI and 6 (4%) said that they receive services from others like MSF, health complexes. The study showed that, only 16.1% participants were satisfied with the quality of service they received, 56.4% said that they were sometimes satisfied after received services and 27.5% said that they were not satisfied after received services, Among the 149 participants, 32.9% participants said that they were not satisfied because there is a lack of medicine supply in RHU, 13.4% participants were not satisfied because there is a lack of qualified doctor in RHU 38.9% participants stated that in RHU there is a lack of budget, lack of doctor, lack of medicine supply, lack of referral to other organization in timely, not gave proper medicine treatment lack of serial maintain during medicine collection thats why they were not satisfied. Conclusion From the above discussion it can be said that Rohingya refugees are not having rights to live as human being. Considering the importance of nationality crisis of the Rohingya and problems associated with these following steps can be taken: Supplies of adequate Medicine, Increase Doctors and Nurse, Modernized treatment, Increase Childcare hospital, Decrease pollution, Mass awareness of life threatening disease. Acknowledgement: Author acknowledges the Kauvery Research Group for necessary support. Funding: Self funded Conflict of Interest: None References: Azad A, Jasmin F. Durable solutions to the protracted refugee situation: The case of Rohingyas in Bangladesh. J Indian Res. 2013;1(4):25-35. Teng TS, Zalilah MS. Nutritional status of rohingya children in kuala lumpur. Malaysian J Med Heal Sci. 2011;7(1):41-9. The Rohingya Refugee Situation in Bangladesh Evan Coutts American International School / Dhaka Senior Project 2005. 2013;1-37. UNHCR WFP. Report of the WFP-UNHCR Joint Assessment Mission, Bangladesh. Assessment. 2010;(June). Kemmer TM, Bovill ME, Kongsomboon W, Hansch SJ, Geisler KL, Cheney C, et al. Iron deficiency is unacceptably high in refugee children from Burma. J Nutr. 2003;133(12):4143-9 Department of Sociology University of Dhaka Nationality crisis and Rights of Rohingya Refugee Childrenà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¯: A Sociological Analysis of Children s Rights in Bangladesh. 2014;2011-2. UNHCR. Bangladesh: Analysis of Gaps in the Protection of Rohingya Refugees. 2007;(May). Kiragu Angela Li Rosi Tim Morris E. UNITED NATIONS HIGH COMMISSIONER FOR REFUGEES States of denial A review of UNHCRs response to the protracted situation of stateless Rohingya refugees in Bangladesh. 2011;(December). Karaman MA, Ricard RJ. Meeting the Mental Health Needs of Syrian Refugees in Turkey. 2016;6(4):318-27. Eastern M, Studies S. OrtadoÄÅ ¸uStratejiÃÅ'†¡k AraÃ…Å ¸tirmalarMerkeziÃÅ'†¡ Center for Middle Eastern Strategic Studies. 2015. TTB. War, Migration and Health; Experience of Turkey. Red Cross. Children affected by armed conflict (CABAC). 2000;(September):48-51. Gazi R, Mercer A, Wansom T, Kabir H, Saha NC, Azim T. An assessment of vulnerability to HIV infection of boatmen in Teknaf, Bangladesh. Confl Health. 2008;2:5. Holland MSF, Fronti S, March H. 10 Years for the Rohingya Refugees in Bangladeshà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¯: Past , Present and Future. 2002;(March):1-45. Socio-economic and family planning aspects of rural people in Bangladeshà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¯: A case study of Comilla District. 2014;6(10):348580. Farzana KF. Music and Artistic Artefacts: Symbols of Rohingya Identity and Everyday Resistance in Borderlands. Austrian J South East Asian Stud [Internet]. 2011;4(2):215-36. Genocide IS, In O. Persecution of the Rohingya Muslimsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¯: Persecution of the Rohingya Muslims. 2015;(October). Herald M. Refugee Health- Research Barriers to access to health care for newly resettled Refugee Health Research. 2006;185(11). Sharara SL, Kanj SS. War and infectious diseases: challenges of the Syrian civil war. PLoS Pathog. 2014;10(10):e1004438. Cheung S. Migration control and the solutions impasse in South and Southeast Asia: Implications from the Rohingya experience. J Refug Stud. 2012;25(1):50-70. AFAD. Population influx from Syria to Turkey life in Turkey as a Syrian guest. 2014. 2014;(1):152. ÃÆ'-nen C, Gà ¼neÃ…Å ¸ G, Tà ¼reme A, AÄÅ ¸aà § P. Depression and Anxiety Case among in Syrians that Live in a Refugee Camp. The Journal of Academic Social Science. 2014;2(6):223-30.

Of Mice and Men by John Steinbeck Essay -- Steinbeck Mice Men Essays

Of Mice and Men by John Steinbeck Relationships are essential in everybody's life. Having no real friends makes life dull, dark and lonely. Loneliness is a big theme in Of Mice and Men, George and Lennie are set apart from Slim, Crooks and Candy. They have something unique a special bond with each other. Each character influences, plays a role to the other characters. Steinbeck's portrayal of the men's relationship seems minimal, but is in fact monumental. The setting of Mice and Men takes place on a ranch where George and Lennie meet Slim, Candy, Crooks, Carlson, Curly and Curly's wife. Although the story takes place over a three-day span, all the characters make a relationship with one another. One relationship is between George, Candy and Lennie. Candy a lonely man, is pressured into having his dog shot he confides in George about his regret. In return, George tells them of their dream. Now they have a bond, and share a goal that is within grasp. Candy is a true friend he helps during a crisis in a minute you come out and tell the guys about her, and I'll co...

Cloning Essay -- essays research papers fc

Cloning For many years, the cloning of adults, animals or humans has been mostly the object of science fiction, something unforeseen by man. However, â€Å"The world was shocked in February of 1997 when British scientist, named Ian Wilmot announced that his research team successfully cloned lamb named dolly from an adult sheep at the Roselyn Institute in Scotland†.(1) For what seemed like a dream for many years quickly turned into reality. The newest and possibly the most controversial phenomena in curing human disease, a phenomenon better known as cloning, was born. Through out the history of man, human disease has been considered a leading cause of death. Since antiquity, physicians explored assorted remedies in order to cure various maladies. Ancient physicians made enormous contributions to modern medicine. Even though, immaculate progress has been made in modern medicine, there are numerous cases of fatal diseases, for which modern medicine has no cure. Granted today’s technological advancements, general practitioners are still using several of the ancient techniques and ideas in order to make progress in today’s research and development. Scientists observe historical data and ideas in order to help generate new ones. A well known belief to man, the belief of reincarnation came from the ancient Egyptians who believed that there was life after death and preserved the body of their rulers through a process of mummification. This is a process of preservation that kept the original body and shape of the ruler for his/her return to earth. Although, this may seem a bit anomalous to the western man, contemporary technology brings this the idea of reincarnation or recreation to life, creating new ways to fight disease. Modern science takes the idea of human life and it’s regeneration and brings it to life through the process of cloning. In 1938 a German scientist Hans Spemann proposes a "fantastical experiment" to transfer one cell's nucleus into an egg without a nucleus, the basic method that would eventually be used in cloning. Fourteen years later in 1952 Briggs and King clone tadpoles. Another scientist John Gurdon clones frogs from differentiated cells in 1962. In 1969 Shapiero and Beckwith isolate the first gene. By 1973 Cohen and Boyer create first recombinant DNA organisms. 1978, the release of David Rorvik's book, In His Image: The Cloning of a... ...reproductivecloning.net/hosting/waite/#1: 5) CNN.COM February 28, 2002 Posted: 6:24 AM EST (1124 GMT) ACCES DATE APRIL 18 202 C:Documents and SettingsRafaelMy DocumentsCNN_com -Superman star hails cloning move - February 28, 2002.htm 6) http://www.bioexchange.com/news/news_page.cfm?id=11426 Outline Topic/Thesis: The newest and possibly the most controversial phenomena in curing human disease, a phenomenon better known as cloning, was born. 1) Origin of human cloning a) Reincarnation b) From 1938-dolly c) Feb. 1997 Ian Wilmont announces the birth Dolly 2) Pros/cons + Treating disease + Benefit economy + Feed the needy - Violates animal rights - Took 277 attempts to clone Dolly - Expensive 3) Three types of cloning a) Embryo cloning b) Adult DNA cloning c) Therapeutic cloning 4) Recent development a) January 2001-An endangered Asian ox called a gaur dies two days after birth of an ordinary disease after it was cloned and gestated in the womb of a cow.

A Comparison And Contrast In Both As Worn By Hester And Dimmesdale :: essays research papers

A Comparison and Contrast In Both A's Worn By Hester and Dimmesdale The two A's worn in the novel by both Hester and Dimmesdale are dramatically different, yet they are born and made by the same identical sins. These letters are also differentiated by the infinitely changing emotional state and physical well being of the character, the towns views of morality and natural order, and the affecting environment. The two sins of most importance in the novel and that serve the greatest beneficiality in the appearance of the A's are--of course-- adultery and hypocrisy. The separation in the appearance of both of the A's begins with each characters own personal interpretation of the extremity of their sins. Where Hester's A is beautiful and artistically done ("fantastically embroidered and illuminated upon her bosom; pg.37) her interpretation of the extremity of her sins is one of self composure and nonchalantness. She views her sins solely as a "violation in the natural order" of the environment and therefore cannot even perceive her sin as being evil except through outside brainwashing. While Dimmesdale's personal interpretation as to the extremity of his own sins is a "violation of God's law," which is the law that he is totally dedicated to and supported by. Dimmesdale's interpretation of his sin is much more severe than Hester's, it is a breach and direct contradiction of his own self consciousness and physical existence. Therefore the appearance of his A, even though it is never directly described in the novel, must be raw, jagged, and brutally crooked (...a ghastly rapture; pg.95). Maybe Dimmesdale's self torture is so horrifying or inconceivable that it is either indescribable, (...too mighty to be expressed only by the eye of his figure; pg.95), or best left up to the reader's imagination. Unlike Hester, Dimmesdale, because of self interpretation, cannot in any way conceive his sins of being anything but evil. Although the appearance of the A's are proportional to the interpretation by each character; also the appearance of the A's is directly correlated between the consequences each character receives because of their sins, both Hester's and Dimmesdale's punishment is introduced through a new character and some sort of isolation. The new character's are a form of abstract contrasting where each new character is an extension of the sinner's "A" itself. Where as Chillingworth is a doubled extension of Dimmesdale's consciousness; Pearl is a contrast to Hester's creativity, patience, and composure. Dimmesdale's punishment through Chillingworth is one of mental bombardment and spiritual torture which supports the theory that Dimmesdale's A must be horrifically putrid and indescribable. Pearl's punishment towards

Bowen Family Systems

Bowen Family System Theory Introduction In doing my studies on family/systemic counselling, I found Bowen’s theory intriguing. In my work and everyday life, I witness triangulation on a daily basis, from my own experience, without the awareness from this module, I was often entwined in triangulation. As a trainee therapist I decided to write my paper on Bowenian Therapy in order to gain a better understanding and develop my awareness. Murray Bowen, M. D. (31 January 1913 – 9 October 1990) was an American psychiatrist and a professor in Psychiatry at the Georgetown University. Bowen was among the pioneers of family therapy and founders of systemic therapy. â€Å"The family systems theory is a theory introduced by Dr. Murray Bowen that suggests that individuals cannot be understood in isolation from one another, but rather as a part of their family, as the family is an emotional unit. Families are systems of interconnected and interdependent individuals, none of whom can be understood in isolation from the system† (Genopro. com 18/11/2010) Bowen’s interest in family began as he was practicing as a psychiatrist in the 1940s. He focused on schizophrenic patient’s emotional relationships with their mothers. Others have called it a symbiosis relationship, but for him it was only an exaggerated natural process of emotional relationship. In 1954 he started to hospitalize the entire family of the sick (schizophrenic) person. He found out that the entire family suffered with the sick person emotionally. He also studied the relationship between mother-child symbioses. This involved a certain repetitive pattern, where he observed alternating patterns of closeness and distance. They portrayed sensitive emotional tensions caused by separation anxiety and incorporation anxiety. In 1959 he started working with families with less severe problems. Surprisingly these families displayed the same problems as the disturbed families. He concluded that there is no discontinuity between the normal and disturbed families but vary along a continuum line of emotional fusion to differentiation. Bowen was one of the first to realize that the history of our family creates a template which shapes the values, thoughts, and experiences of each generation, as well as how that generation passes down these things to the next generation. Bowen's theory focuses on the balance of two forces – togetherness and – individuality. Too much togetherness can prevent individuality, or developing one's own sense of self whereas too much individuality results in a distant and estranged family. The theory looks at the family as a system and describes the complex interactions that exist in any one unit. The way members of a family are connected and the way they react to one another makes the functioning of family members interdependent. According to the theory, mental illness happens as a result of emotional fusion. This can happen when there is an increase in the level of emotions and anxiety in the family. Bowen introduced eight interlocking concepts to explain family development and functioning. Below I will provide an overview of each concept. Differentiation of Self The first concept is Differentiation of Self, or the ability to separate feelings and thoughts. Undifferentiated people can not separate feelings and thoughts; They have difficulty thinking logically because when asked to think they are flooded with feelings, so this makes It difficult for them to base their responses on their own logical thinking. They also have difficulty differentiating between their feelings and the feelings of others. They look to their family to define how they think about issues, feel about people, and interpret their experiences. Differentiation is the process of freeing yourself from your family's processes to define yourself so you can have different opinions and values than your family members, but are still capable of staying emotionally connected to them. It means being able to calmly reflect on a conflicted interaction afterward, realising your wn role in it, and then choosing a different response for the future. Triangles Triangles are the basic units of systems. They balance between closeness and distance. The third person or party brings unity and creates continuity in warring situation. The triangle brings stressed person into a manageable level of operation. This involves true listening and gives a true advice for a better solution. In it virtually all relationships are shadowed by third part ies. For example when a couple have an argument, afterwards, one of the partners may call their friend to talk about the fight. The third person helps them reduce their anxiety and take action, or calm their strong emotions and reflect, and make decision. People who are more undifferentiated are likely to triangulate others and be triangulated whereas people who are differentiated cope well with life and relationship stress, and as a result are less likely to triangulate others or be triangulated. The Nuclear Family Emotional Process These are the emotional patterns in a family that continue over generations. This involves a modeling scenario where a family member models and imitates the behaviour and even the language of his or her parents. For example, a parent who teaches his or her children to be happy when things are ok and sad when things are bad shapes the future thinking of those children. Here the parent passes on an emotional view of the world (the emotional process), which is taught throughout generation from parent to a child, in a nuclear family. Reactions to this process can range from open conflict, to physical or emotional problems in one family member, to reactive distancing. This will bring problems with family members like substance abuse, mental illness and irresponsibility. The Multigenerational Transmission Process This process entails the way family emotional processes are transferred and maintained over generations. This captures how the whole family joins in The Family Projection Process, for example, by reinforcing the beliefs of the family. As the family continues this pattern over generations, they also refer back to previous generations (â€Å"He's just like his Uncle – he was always irresponsible too† or â€Å"She's just like your cousin Mary – she was divorced four times. â€Å"). Sibling Position Bowen believed In sibling order and that each child had a place in the family hierarchy. He believed that the oldest sibling was more likely to be seen as overly responsible and mature whilst the youngest as overly irresponsible and immature. Emotional Cut-off Emotional cut-off refers to the techniques people use to reduce anxiety from their unresolved emotional issues with parents, siblings, and other members from the family of origin. Some people seek distance either by moving away physically or emotionally using silence, diversion or avoidance of difficult and hurtful topics. To avoid sensitive issues, they may move away from their families and refuse to go home regularly. This strategy may work in the short term to reduce immediate anxiety but over time, the deeper, unresolved problems are toxic towards other relationships. An open relationship is the opposite of emotional cut-off. It is the best way to reduce a family's over-all anxiety. Continued low anxiety permits family members who would like to, to begin the slow steps to better differentiation. Bowen wrote, â€Å"It might be difficult for a family with severe cut-offs to begin more emotional contact with the extended family, but any effort toward reducing the cut-off with the extended family will soften the intensity of the family problem, reduce the symptoms, and make any kind of therapy far more productive. Societal Emotional Processes The concept of societal emotional process describes how the emotional system governs behaviour on a societal level, promoting both progressive and regressive periods in a society. Cultural forces are important in how a society functions but are insufficient for explaining the rise and fall in how well societies adapt to the challenges that face them. The society’s attitudes towards for example different r aces, classes, genders and sexual orientation, have definite effects on the family. In many ways, this is like the Family Projection Process scaled up to the level of a society as a whole. The way a family deals with prejudice, discrimination and persecution is instinctively passed on to their children so that they can survive in their unique environment. The coping practices of the parents and extended family may lead to more or less adaptive emotional health for the family and its members. Normal Family Development According to Bowen, all families lie along a continuum. Bowen believed that all families lie on a spectrum or continuum and that it is difficult to try to classify families into types. If circumstances change, one type of family could change and become another type of family. For this reason, Bowen is credited with being one of the first culturally sensitive family therapists. A normal, adjusted family will have tensions and anxieties but will be balanced in terms of their togetherness and differentiation. A normal family will have good emotional balance and recognise that some problems are external and others come from the individual. There are connections between the different generations in the family and also to the extended family. The transitions for example from adolescence to adulthood are smooth and supported by the wider family. Past pains and joys are shared. Bowen says no matter how we transform and forget the past, these memories of our relationship, still stay alive in us. The danger is the way our former family attachment will shape our new family. At various times difficulties in different relationships, sometimes called dyads, are resolved without drawing in others into their difficulties. The ability to tolerate and support family members with different views supports differentiation and is a sign of a healthy family. Awareness of external societal influences as well as the unique family influences helps a family to become well adjusted. During times of grief and loneliness for example, family members give space and allow the person opportunity to grow. A positive emotional atmosphere with a belief in the virtues of family builds normal family development. Finally, when family members depend on each ther for feedback and support rather than in co-dependent ways, the family develops healthily. Family Disorders Bowen believed that family problems result from emotional fusion, or from an increase in the level of anxiety in the family. He believed that the member with â€Å"the symptom† is the least differentiated member of the family, and is the one who has the least ability to resist the pull to become fused with another member. This person absorbs the anxiety an d worries of the whole family and has the least ability to separate their own thoughts and feelings from those of their family. Families face two kinds of problems. Vertical problems are â€Å"passed down† from one generation to the next. Thus, adults who had cold and distant relationships with their parents do not know how to have warm and close relationships with their children, and so pass down their own problems to their children. Horizontal problems are caused by environmental stressors or transition points in the family development. This may result from traumas such as a chronic illness, the loss of the family home, or the death of a family member. However, horizontal stress may also result from Social Emotional Processes, such as when a minority family moves from a like-minority neighbourhood to a very different neighbourhood, or when a family with traditional gender roles immigrates to a culture with very different views, and must raise their children there. The worst case for the family is when vertical and horizontal problems happen at once. Goals of Therapy Bowen’s therapy was not aimed at changing people or solving problems, it was basically geared towards: †¢ Helping families to inquire and explore their own roles in family problems Making them assume responsibility for their own problems†¢ People learning more about themselves and their relationships †¢ Decreasing emotional reactivity†¢ Improving self-focus †¢ Modifying dysfunctional patterns †¢ Evaluating progress of the family in terms of how they function now, as well as how adaptive they can be to future changes In general, the t herapist accomplishes this by giving less attention to specific problem they present with, and more attention to family patterns of emotions and relationships, as well as family structures of dyads and triangles. Techniques that are most prominent in the practice of Bowenian family systems therapy. Genogram: Bowen used what he termed a â€Å"family diagram† to collect and organise important data concerning the multigenerational family systems. In 1972 Guerin renamed the family diagram the â€Å"genogram. † The main function of the genogram is to organise data during the evaluation phase and to track relationship processes and key triangles over the course of therapy. In the process of assessment, the following are noted: the history of the presenting problems, exact dates are noted, history of the nuclear family, when the parents met, their courtship, their marriage, child rearing, where the family lived especially in relation to the location of the extended family, history of both spouses birth, sibling positions, facts about childhood, past and current functioning with parents The Therapy Triangle: This technique is based on the theoretical assumption that conflictual relationship processes within the family have activated key-symptom-related triangles in an attempt to re-establish stability; and the family will automatically attempt to include the therapist in the triangling process. If they succeed, therapy will be stalemated. On the other hand, if the therapist can remain free of reactive emotional entanglements, in other words, stay detriangled ,the family system and its members will calm down to the point where they can begin to work out s olutions to their dilemmas. Relationship Experiments: Relationship experiments are carried out around structural altercations in key triangles. The goal is to help the family members become aware of systems processes and learn to recognise their role in them. Thomas F. Fogarty developed experiments for use with emotional pursuers and distancers (lartin-drake. com 28/12/2010). Pursuers are encouraged to restrain their pursuit, stop making demands, and decrease pressure for emotional connection and see what happens in themselves and in the relationship. The exercise isn’t designed to be a magic cure, as some people have hoped, but to help clarify the emotional processes involved. Distancers are encouraged to move toward the other person and communicate personal thoughts and feelings, in other words, to find an alternative to either avoiding or capitulating to the others’ demands. Coaching: Coaching is the Bowenian alternative to the more emotionally involved role common to most other forms of therapy. By acting as a coach, the Bowenian therapist hopes to avoid taking over for patients or becoming embroiled in family triangles. The goal is increased understanding, increased self-focus, and more functional attachment to key family members. The I-Position: Taking a personal stand, saying what you feel, instead of what others are â€Å"doing†, is one of the most direct ways to break cycles of emotional reactivity. Bowenian therapists not only encourage clients to take I-Position, they also do so themselves. Another assumption in Bowenian therapy is that confrontation increases anxiety and decreases the ability to think clearly and see options. Therefore, displacing the focus, making it less personal and less threatening, is an excellent way to increase objectivity. This forms the basis for two related techniques, multiple family therapy and displacement stories. Conclusion In conclusion I believe that Bowen developed a comprehensive theory of family therapy which inspired generations. His theory describes how the family shapes the interplay of individuality and togetherness using six interlocking concepts which are: differentiation of self, triangles, nuclear family emotional process, family projection process, multigenerational transmission process and sibling position. In 1970 Bowen added two additional concepts: emotional cut-off and societal emotional process. Bowenian therapy is a process of active inquiry in which the therapist helps family members get past blaming and fault finding in order to face their own roles in family problems. The goals of Bowenian therapy are not to change people or to solve their problems. Instead they see therapy as an opportunity for people to learn more about themselves and their relationships so that they can assume responsibility for their own problems. Contents Introduction Differentiation of Self The Nuclear Family Emotional Process Triangles The Multigenerational Transmission Process Sibling Position Emotional Cut-off Societal Emotional Processes Normal Family Development Family Disorders Goals of Therapy Conclusion Bibliography Bibliography http://www. abacon. com/famtherapy/bowen. html (14/12/2010) http://www. anzjft. om/pages/articles/78. pdf (14/12/2010) http://www. bukisa. com/articles/293438_what-is-the-concept-of-bowen-family-therapyixzz14iOkMQpM (16/12/2010) http://www. genopro. com/genogram/fam ily-systems-theory/ (22/10/2010) http://www. houd. info/bowenTheory. pdf (22/10/2010) http://www. lartin-drake. com/distancer. pdf (22/10/2010) Bibliography http://www. abacon. com/famtherapy/bowen. html http://www. psychpage. com/learning/library/counseling/bowen. html http://www. bukisa. com/articles/293438_what-is-the-concept-of-bowen-family-therapy http://www. thebowencenter. org/ http://homepages. wmich. edu/~macdonal/SW 6680. 05/Friedman. Bow†¦ Contents Introduction